RSSWednesday 11 May 2011
In what is being claimed as a landmark research report published by5606 Ricardo UK and 5605 National Grid in the UK, the market potential is demonstrated for an electric plug-in vehicle fleet of the future to provide balancing services to the power grid on a commercial basis, returning value to vehicle owners while improving the carbon efficiency of grid operation.
The report - Bucks for balancing: can plug-in vehicles of the future extract cash – and carbon – from the power grid? – is based on a research collaboration between a team of engineers from Ricardo and National Grid, the operator of the high voltage electricity transmission system within Great Britain (GB).
Key findings of the research include:
The research team drew together a unique mix of innovative technological vision, skills and expertise from both the automotive and power industries. National Grid provided detailed technical and economic data for the research, including a potential generating mix scenario for the year 2020 that would enable the UK to meet its climate change targets based on, for example, a large shift towards renewable power provided in the main from wind farms. In addition to this the company also provided data on the expected daily and seasonal patterns of demand for the various types of grid balancing services it expects to require at this time, together with their commercial value. Using these data and a range of the potential market penetrations of electric plug-in vehicles in the UK market by 2020 together with typical vehicle usage and driver behaviour patterns, Ricardo created a sophisticated grid simulation model which was designed to model the impact of electric vehicle charging based on a five-minute time step throughout the day.
Modelling was carried out to assess two possible modes of balancing interaction with the grid in Great Britain in the year 2020. The first, known as demand-side management, involves the interruption or variation of charging when required to ease grid imbalances, and the resumption and completion of recharging at a later time, subject to operational constraints of the primary use as a road going vehicle. This mode of balancing provision requires zero investment from the vehicle owner, but is clearly limited in the extent of service that can be provided to the grid.
With the second mode, known as Vehicle-To-Grid (V2G) operation, “reverse charging” can also take place in which in addition to charging, transfers of energy are possible from the battery to the grid. Subject to the hardware and control mechanisms required to allow bi-directional power flows the vehicle’s battery could be made available, whilst connected to the grid in V2G mode, as an energy buffer for balancing services. For this second mode of operation, the financial analysis performed by Ricardo considered the effects of battery deterioration for cycling required to support balancing services, as well as the investment costs of power inverter hardware required for the bi-directional power interface.
“This report will bring into focus a potential opportunity for the electric vehicle sector which, as it matures, may lead to a position where the balancing service contribution it can provide is both commercially viable and practical,” said Mike Edgar, strategy development manager, National Grid,
Ricardo chief technology and innovation officer Prof. Neville Jackson, Ricardo’s chief technology and innovation officer, says the company strongly believes that the energy storage capacity of a future electric vehicle fleet needs to be viewed as an integral part of the power system. “If operational synergies at both a grid and distribution network scale are exploited, some of the obstacles to the mass roll-out of electric vehicles will be tackled and the associated costs of necessary power system reinforcements and upgrades will be minimized,” Jackson says. “The battery will represent a substantial part of the capital cost of an EV for the foreseeable future and working this asset to realise further value could be important in providing a competitive product to consumers.
In what is being claimed as a landmark research report published by
The report - Bucks for balancing: can plug-in vehicles of the future extract cash – and carbon – from the power grid? – is based on a research collaboration between a team of engineers from Ricardo and National Grid, the operator of the high voltage electricity transmission system within Great Britain (GB).
Key findings of the research include:
- Using demand side management alone, the projected fleet of plug-in electric vehicles in 2020 would be able to provide an average of six per cent of daily GB network balancing service requirements. This rises to a maximum of 10 per cent in the evening and overnight.
- Demand side management would provide a modest annual financial return to the individual vehicle owner of approximately US$80 for zero investment (effectively the equivalent of an 18 per cent saving on recharging costs).
- Vehicle-To-Grid (V2G) based grid balancing was shown to provide significantly greater revenue on an individual vehicle basis – ranging from approximately US$1,000 per year for a 3 kW system to in the region of $13,000 per year for a 50 kW three phase installation. However the very significant capital cost of a vehicle based bi-directional power interface and the balancing market size limitations that would restrict the value of the service if implemented fleet wide, would serve to render the fleet scale roll-out of the V2G balancing service uneconomic.
- V2G operation may however be attractive for owners of captive vehicle fleets such as industrial or local delivery vehicles, battery exchange depots or aggregated batches of life expired vehicle batteries, where interface costs might be shared across multiple vehicles or battery packs.
- With the increased requirement for grid balancing services arising from the changing dynamics of the generation mix, plug in vehicles could be made to work in synergy with the electricity market to help balance supply and demand, so reducing the reliance on ‘conventional’ generation for the provision of these services; hence this has the potential to reduce CO2 emissions.
The research team drew together a unique mix of innovative technological vision, skills and expertise from both the automotive and power industries. National Grid provided detailed technical and economic data for the research, including a potential generating mix scenario for the year 2020 that would enable the UK to meet its climate change targets based on, for example, a large shift towards renewable power provided in the main from wind farms. In addition to this the company also provided data on the expected daily and seasonal patterns of demand for the various types of grid balancing services it expects to require at this time, together with their commercial value. Using these data and a range of the potential market penetrations of electric plug-in vehicles in the UK market by 2020 together with typical vehicle usage and driver behaviour patterns, Ricardo created a sophisticated grid simulation model which was designed to model the impact of electric vehicle charging based on a five-minute time step throughout the day.
Modelling was carried out to assess two possible modes of balancing interaction with the grid in Great Britain in the year 2020. The first, known as demand-side management, involves the interruption or variation of charging when required to ease grid imbalances, and the resumption and completion of recharging at a later time, subject to operational constraints of the primary use as a road going vehicle. This mode of balancing provision requires zero investment from the vehicle owner, but is clearly limited in the extent of service that can be provided to the grid.
With the second mode, known as Vehicle-To-Grid (V2G) operation, “reverse charging” can also take place in which in addition to charging, transfers of energy are possible from the battery to the grid. Subject to the hardware and control mechanisms required to allow bi-directional power flows the vehicle’s battery could be made available, whilst connected to the grid in V2G mode, as an energy buffer for balancing services. For this second mode of operation, the financial analysis performed by Ricardo considered the effects of battery deterioration for cycling required to support balancing services, as well as the investment costs of power inverter hardware required for the bi-directional power interface.
“This report will bring into focus a potential opportunity for the electric vehicle sector which, as it matures, may lead to a position where the balancing service contribution it can provide is both commercially viable and practical,” said Mike Edgar, strategy development manager, National Grid,
Ricardo chief technology and innovation officer Prof. Neville Jackson, Ricardo’s chief technology and innovation officer, says the company strongly believes that the energy storage capacity of a future electric vehicle fleet needs to be viewed as an integral part of the power system. “If operational synergies at both a grid and distribution network scale are exploited, some of the obstacles to the mass roll-out of electric vehicles will be tackled and the associated costs of necessary power system reinforcements and upgrades will be minimized,” Jackson says. “The battery will represent a substantial part of the capital cost of an EV for the foreseeable future and working this asset to realise further value could be important in providing a competitive product to consumers.
